What Is Sustainable Wintering?
The necessities of livestock production - food, water and shelter -
have, in some cases, led producers to overuse confinement facilities or
over-utilize key areas of the farm.
A sustainable wintering system is one that provides livestock with
access to these necessities in a way that balances production
efficiencies, farm profits, and environmental stewardship. A sustainable
wintering system requires farm management, feeding, infrastructure and
resource management strategies that work together. They create
flexibility and maximize profits, while at the same time minimizing the
environmental effects of livestock production.
In recent years, livestock practices have come to the forefront of
public scrutiny because they affect not only farms, but also
neighbouring communities and the general public. Even though it’s your
livestock operation, the protection of land and water resources is an
issue for everyone - including the consumers who buy your products. For
more information on sustainable wintering systems, see the factsheet
titled Sustainable Livestock Wintering: How Can It Work for You?,
available from Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives and from
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (PFRA)
Environmental and Health Concerns Associated With Livestock
Production
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Concentration of livestock in feeding or confinement areas for
extended periods can lead to localized accumulation of manure and
excessive nutrients. This can result in the potential for
nutrients and micro-organisms (bacteria and parasites) to run off
into nearby surface waters.
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When manure accumulation occurs on shallow soils over bedrock,
or when there is coarse sand and gravel at or near ground surface,
groundwater becomes vulnerable to nutrients and microorganisms
that migrate (leach) into the system.
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Manure can contain bacteria such as E-Coli, including the
0157:H7 strain that causes human diarrhea, fever, vomiting, kidney
failure and sometimes death. It can also contain Cryptosporidium
and Giardia parasites that can cause serious gastrointestinal
sickness, diarrhea and weight loss in both humans and animals.
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Wildlife habitat can be harmed from high animal densities,
trampling of shorelines and waterway banks, and runoff in surface
waters.
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Choosing A Sustainable Wintering Site That Works For You
The ideal wintering site(s) should be feasible for you, healthy and
comfortable for the herd or flock, and safe for the environment.
Your land contours, your water resources, your herd size and
requirements, and your existing arrangements will all be important
factors in determining the site or sites you choose. You’ll also want to
consider your existing infrastructure, in combination with some new
options such as wind fences, portable fencing for paddocks and feeding,
and alternate water stations. Because no two situations are alike, your
solution to finding a sustainable wintering site will be uniquely yours.
Ultimately, there are two goals. One is to move animals away from, or
restrict use of, sensitive areas such as slopes, sandy soils,
non-vegetated areas, riparian zones, woodlots, and land already nutrient
rich from manure additions. The other is to take advantage of a greater
portion of your land base and in-field feed sources over a greater
portion of the year.
Production Benefits of a Sustainable System
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Costs associated with spreading and distribution of manure
will be greatly reduced.
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Livestock will be more comfortable in a natural environment
where they are not stressed. The result will be less animal health
problems and better performance.
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Cost of hauling feed will be reduced when you use on pasture
sources such as stockpiled forage, cereal and corn swaths, and
bales.
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Manure or “farmers’ gold” provides major soilbuilding
benefits, and when animals are allowed to use marginal and
unproductive land at appropriate rates, manure can make that land
become productive.
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Guidelines for Locating a Sustainable Wintering Site
Avoid areas that are over-utilized
Over dependence on key areas can result in nutrient build-up,
vegetation loss, and a decline in production — as well as movement of
nutrients, bacteria and sediment off the site. In addition, animals are
more prone to health problems when kept in an unhealthy environment.
Locate watering stations away from water sources
to avoid runoff contamination
A deeply-buried water pipeline to a central location on pasture
works well to bring water to the animals, and solar and wind-powered
pumps can ensure there is a clean and reliable water supply even at the
most remote locations.
Select a site that has good ground cover
Ground cover or crop residue will help catch and filter nutrients,
bacteria, and sediment from surface runoff.
Try and choose a site with less than 2% slope to
minimize runoff
The steeper the slope, the more runoff and erosion you can expect.
If a sloped area is your only option, locate bedding and feeding sites
as far as possible from any waterways, in a spot where runoff is least
likely to flow in the direction of the waterway. Try to select naturally
elevated grounds for high traffic areas and bedding sites, in order to
ensure any field drainage can be controlled in a direction of least risk
to waterways.
Consider soil type
Clay soils are best at reducing leaching, while sandy soil, gravel,
shale or sandstone outcrops are prone to leaching and will require many
of the management considerations discussed in this factsheet. Avoid
areas with high water tables or spring flooding history. This will help
minimize the potential of nutrients and bacteria leaching into
groundwater, or washing into surface water.
Avoid areas with high water tables or spring
flooding history
This will help minimize the potential of
nutrients and bacteria leaching into groundwater, or washing into
surface water.
Strategies for Maintaining a Sustainable Wintering Site
Try and utilize more of your farm
If you increase the size of the wintering area and provide more land
to utilize the manure, the likelihood of accumulation is less while the
benefits to growing crops is greater. Remember that animal density,
available land base, and length of pressure on a particular area go hand
in hand. Good, healthy vegetation cover growing over the entire
wintering area the following summer is a good indicator that manure
distribution was adequate. If this does not happen, your animal density
is too high.
Remove and spread manure build-ups
This often includes manure from bedding, watering, feeding and other
high-traffic areas.
Be aware of your farm’s “nutrient budget”
That is, based on your farm and your crops, how much manure can your
land use? You wouldn’t likely over-apply nutrients that are commercially
bought, but you may be letting your animals over-apply manure. Use
provincial factsheets to figure out how much is enough, soil test, and
adjust nutrient levels accordingly. A new publication titled
Tri-Provincial Manure Application and Use Guidelines is now available at
your ag rep office.
Keep animals moving
Every few days is ideal, but once or twice a winter is much better
than no movement at all. Even changing wintering locations from year to
year will help manage manure build-up and can help to prevent over
utilization of any one spot.
Use wind fences and portable fencing
This will allow you to set up temporary sites which can be moved as
often as you want. If you can’t move the site, move bedding and feeding
areas as often as possible, in order to spread manure as much as
possible.
Consider a different approach to winter feeding
Utilize a program that takes the animals to the feed, and not the feed
to the animals. This might involve stockpiled forage early in the
winter, followed by swath grazing, corn grazing, and then bale feeding
(on pasture).
Establish satellite feed storage areas
Stored feed supplies are traditionally harvested and transported
back to a central storage and feeding area.
Consider storing a portion of your feed supplies in key areas
throughout your farm where they can be accessed and fed on different
feeding grounds than traditionally used. You’ll help spread manure, plus
there are potential savings on labour, fuel and equipment use.
Manage for the least amount of impact when moving
cattle
This can be done by creating gravel stream crossings with control gates,
and by ensuring that alleyways are not located on land prone to runoff
or seepage. Don’t overuse alleyways. Provide greater amounts of bedding
litter to absorb nutrients, and prevent leaching and runoff.
Increase vegetative cover where at all possible
This will provide natural filters for runoff or sediment that might
otherwise lead to surface water or groundwater quality problems. Seed
crops in these areas that will utilize the nutrients and provide highly
nutritious feed to the herd or flock.
Create buffers around sensitive areas
Permanent vegetation around water bodies will help to protect them.
Protect well heads
Allow a minimum 30-foot buffer between the well and the animals, and
ensure drainage is away from the well head. The cribbing and lid should
be properly constructed.
Consider diverting off-site water flow
Water coming onto the site should be diverted around bedding and feeding
spots to help reduce runoff. This type of runoff control will help
reduce mud and provide a healthier environment for animals, including
preventing newborn animal scours. It will also reduce the amount of
bedding that needs to be replaced.
Consider landscaping with ditches and channels
Water leaving the site can be controlled in this manner to direct flow
to less-sensitive areas.
Remove and spread manure early
If manure has built up, haul it away early in the spring to minimize the
chances of it being washed away or seeping into the ground. When you
spread it, avoid land that is prone to erosion from surface water and
areas that drain directly into waterways. Take precautions on all land
adjacent to permanent water bodies and major field drains.
Consider fencing to put you in control
Portable or permanent fencing is essential to control and direct
feeding, control animal distribution and density, encourage better field
rotation, protect sensitive areas, and enhance manure distribution.
Look into watering options
You’ll be surprised at the innovations out there, at their cost, and how
they can make your whole wintering site more portable. Check with your
local ag rep or PFRA office.
Consider wildlife habitat
While most producers are respectful of the need to sustain our wildlife
populations, sometimes it might take a little extra planning to
accomplish this.
Refer to provincial factsheets
There are a wide variety of provincial factsheets available for many of
the topics discussed here. Check with your local ag rep.
For More Information
You Can Help Reduce Greenhouse Gas
Healthy pastures and riparian areas are better able to sequester
carbon, and more-widely distributed manure reduces greenhouse gas
emissions compared to manure packs. For more information on
greenhouse gas, and how livestock producers can do their part to
help reduce it, visit the following website.
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This information is posted with permission. The following agencies
worked collaboratively and provided funding support for this
publication:
Partial funding for this publication was provided by the Greencover
Canada Program, a five-year, $110-million Government of Canada
initiative designed to help producers improve grassland-management
practices, protect water quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
enhance biodiversity and wildlife habitat.
For further information on Greencover Canada, please visit
www.agr.gc.ca/env/greencover-verdir or phone
1 866 844-5620.
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